Adventures at Ennis: A Snapshot of Salmon Surveys in the Field

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While explaining work as a SFEG Spawner Survey Intern, I’m usually met with one or a combination of three faces: blank confusion, bewildered support, or instant intrigue. Most people would imagine being bundled up in multiple layers, out in the frigid winter weather, and hiking some nebulous trail along a random stream counting fish. To a certain extent, they wouldn’t be wrong.

 

The temperature most days settles around the high 40’s, but often feels much colder under the canopy of trees. Truth be told, I hardly feel the cold regardless of the knee-high glacial melt and frigid air once we get moving. It’s the one day I look forward to every week, rain or shine.  Once a week, there’s a chance to catch a glimpse of salmon spawning in their native stream.

 

On an offshoot of Highway 9 is one of the most important tributaries in the Samish Basin. It’s the spawning ground to one of the state’s most iconic organisms and a cultural touchstone of the Pacific Northwest: salmon. At first glance, Ennis Creek can easily be overlooked. It’s a sight that is representative of thousands of other streams all over Washington State that are currently or once historically salmon-bearing streams. It might not even occur to you to wonder if salmon make the 1000-mile trip to this very creek to ensure the life cycle continues.  Ennis Creek is merely one of the dozens of streams SFEG monitors through their volunteer program to determine the success of restoration efforts and evaluated by the WDFW for escapement forecasting.

 

Ennis Creek, a site my field partner, Casey, and I survey, is more than 0.7 miles of hard terrain changing frequently due to seasonal windstorms and natural hydrological processes. Starting in October, we bundle up in SFEG provided gear – an assortment of thermal wear, raincoats, life jackets, reflective vests, waders, and gloves – before we begin the long hike to our designated endpoint, a waterfall which is the natural end of salmon access in this waterbody.

Despite following the same stretch of stream to a fixed destination, every week is a new adventure with new challenges. It’s amazing to watch the stream change in these short periods of time. In climate weather will cause alterations to the stream. Windstorms can fall trees into the stream, providing natural woody debris to alter the streamflow and streambed. Intense rainfall and natural flooding can completely change the topography of the stream channel.

 

Weather and stream changes aside, our main goal is to document the presence or absence of salmon spawning within these select sites of the Skagit and Samish watersheds. With the data collected during the course of these surveys, SFEG is able to determine prospective restoration sites and monitor the success of past efforts.

Each week we climb over new treefalls, cut through dense native plant thickets along stream banks, and side-switch with careful consideration to these potential new redds. When female salmon find locations suitable for harboring offspring, they dig these gravel nests called redds. For several weeks, we find no presence of salmon. However, keep our eyes peeled for the first tell-tale signs of fish. This could be a flash of movement cutting through the water, an inexplicable dark shadow hovering in the stream, or evidence of gravel nests that can’t be explained by natural stream hydrology. Granted, looking for these signs pales in comparison to actually counting salmon, but it’s a critical period to establish baseline channel characteristics before salmon arrive.

It’s not until several weeks later, at the start of November, that we will see the first signs of coho at the mouth of the creek. Our flutters of excitement accompany the vibrant red bodies of coho, nearly hidden within the shade of the bridge at the starting point. From absolutely zero fish from the week before, suddenly there were hundreds.

Historically, thousands of coho once used Ennis Creek to spawn. The Ennis Creek site remains as one of the main spawning grounds of the upper Samish River Basin. Despite its significance to the local salmonid population, Ennis Creek has suffered significant habitat degradation from straightening, dredging, inadequate culvert placement, and redirection into a roadside ditch in the past. SFEG and affiliated agencies have restored the historical channel and re-established the channel across a major fish barrier into the Samish River.

 

As we conduct our survey, I can’t help but feel a sense of awe walking along the streambanks. We eagerly log of the number of fish, both live and dead, and their redds. Already, we are recording significant increases of salmon at Ennis, and other locations, in comparison to past years. It’s yet to be determined if populations will surpass historic milestones, but 2021 appears to be promising.

 

There’s something both humbling and impressive about being immersed in habitats used by these anadromous fish. We have witnessed their resilience while acting upon millions of years of instinct and genetic memory to ensure the next generation of offspring is successful. It’s endlessly rewarding to see firsthand the effects of restoration efforts made by organizations like SFEG; effects that make a difference toward a species with long lasting impacts on both humans and the larger interconnected ecosystem. This is an experience I have been incredibly lucky to both participate and contribute through SFEG’s Spawner Survey program. I would eagerly recommend the program to anyone interested in the Skagit Watershed, salmon ecosystem and population restoration, or community planting parties.

When the roads are rivers, where do the salmon go? by SFEG Intern Elizabeth Kimberly

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On November 15th, 2021, the Skagit River in Mount Vernon crested at a height of 36.98 feet, just five inches short of the previous 1990 record. Across the county, rivers replaced roads, riparian zones became stream beds, culverts filled to the brim, and homeowners’ backyards and living rooms were inundated with water. The culprit? A succession of atmospheric rivers that brought several days of heavy rain to the region. As we drove past fully submerged Christmas tree farms, kayakers paddling downtown roads, and cars flipped sideways, I grieved for the widespread damage and loss, but I also couldn’t help but think of the salmon. What does this massive flood event mean for them? Where do they go? Will they survive?

Flooded Skagit River in downtown Mount Vernon WA

Flooded Skagit River in downtown Mount Vernon WA on November 15, 2021

A major consequence of climate change in Western Washington, and the Skagit Watershed in particular, is an increase in flood frequency and intensity in the winter months. As temperatures warm, our atmosphere can hold more moisture. As we urbanize our landscape through paving and development, we increase run-off volumes into streams and rivers, and decrease our resilience in the face of significant precipitation events. As more precipitation falls as rain in the upper reaches of our watershed, streamflow increases more rapidly. While the November 15th event was rare and anomalous, climate change models project that these intense winter flood events will become less rare in the decades to come. Floods that have historically reoccurred every 50 years will likely start to happen at 20, 15, and even 10 year intervals. How will the salmon fare?

Flooded stream bank

This picture, taken four days post-flood shows the new Pressentin Park channel at near capacity. Some plants were buried under sediment, some potted plants redistributed, and our new salmon viewing station was partially destroyed. Hundreds of pink salmon spawned here in the weeks leading up to this flood; many nests may have been lost

While salmon adapt to their local flood regimes and minor flooding can actually be beneficial for salmon (i.e. new habitat, clearing of sand and silt, wood recruitment, and new food sources), they are not yet adapted to the anomalously large flood events that we’re seeing with increased frequency in the Skagit Watershed. In their hydrologic model, researchers Mantua and Tohver (2010) found that Western Washington’s historic 20-year flood return frequency will experience the most substantial flood increases in December and January. Unfortunately, these early winter months coincide with the spawning season for several salmon and trout species, when salmon are in their earliest life stages and thus most vulnerable to flood disturbances.

During spawning, salmon deposit and bury their eggs in gravel nests in the stream substrate. These nests, called redds, protect the eggs from high flows and other environmental threats, like predators or sediment build-up. However, there is a water velocity threshold at which the eggs are washed downstream and unable to survive. Additionally, climate change-induced high flow events can mobilize and transport large volumes of sediment atop the eggs and suffocate them. Because the depth of redds varies across species, certain species will be more greatly impacted by these peak flows. Smaller fish, like pink salmon, are unable to bury their eggs as deep and prefer to build their redds in smaller gravel than other salmon species, and are thus more vulnerable to being washed away through streambed scouring.

Humpy salmon under the water

These pink, or humpy, salmon are spawning in September 2021 in the Cascade River, a major tributary to the Skagit River. Photo courtesy of Jess Newley

 

Flooding can also threaten fish by displacing them in floodplains and isolating them from their river channel habitats. High flows have the potential to flush salmonids downstream and into estuaries or marine water bodies. The draw backs of this are two-fold: if the juvenile salmon rearing in freshwater aren’t killed by the great forces of the flooding Skagit on their way downriver, they can be washed into salt water before they are physiologically prepared for saltwater life stages and perish as a result. Furthermore, increased stormwater runoff can incorporate toxic contaminants into freshwater systems, which is especially deadly for coho salmon. Finally, high precipitation events, like the mid-November storm, trigger landslides and mudslides, which add detrimentally large sediment loads to streams and rivers. These sediment influxes can clog gills, impact feeding, and bury salmon eggs. In extreme cases, landslides can block entire streams or rivers. For example, the 2020 Big Bar landslide blocked a critical migration route in the Fraser River in B.C., and threatened to decimate local sockeye and chinook populations.

The negative impacts of climate change are great, but there are greater reasons to continue the pursuit of salmon population enhancement and environmental restoration. In their 2007 study, researchers Battin and others used models of the nearby Snohomish River to study salmon responses to climate change. While their model’s projections for summer streamflow and winter peak flow don’t bode particularly well for Chinook populations, they acknowledge that their models are unable to take into account the remarkable adaptability of salmon. They speak to potential for salmon to adjust to higher winter peak flows by changing the timing of their egg laying. If salmon deposited their eggs just a month or two later in the winter, would flood mortalities be significantly reduced? In their paper, they encourage research that examines the likelihood of these evolutionary or behavioral responses to climate change, as they’re not yet well-understood.

On an optimistic note, they also speak to the promise of restoration efforts – like floodplain connectivity and riparian planting – as an effective means to further buffer the detrimental impacts of winter flood disturbances for our salmon populations. SFEG and other organizations implement these types of restoration projects every year. Pacific Northwest salmon have co-existed with active volcanoes, earthquakes, and dynamic, ever-changing river systems. With our help and continued efforts, perhaps they can withstand climate change as well.

Silver Creek: A Fish Passage Story | Project 15 of 30

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By Former SFEG Restoration Ecologist Susan Madsen

Silver Creek with undersized culverts before the restoration project

In the Silver Creek neighborhood fall is a season that brings both an end and a new beginning.  Like most Pacific Nor’westers, we tire quickly of hot temperatures and cloudless skies.  By late August the trees seem wilted, and the creeks are dry and parched.  However, the end of summer and October rains are right around the corner, and silver salmon follow hard on their heels.  Folks in this neighborhood have always paid attention to the salmon.  One longtime resident swears they return for the Marine Corps birthday on November 10, and indeed spawning seems to peak just then.  And since 2013, we have all had an even greater appreciation for this circle of life.  That summer, SFEG and the Family Forest Fish Passage Program (FFFPP) helped the Sliver Creek neighborhood association as well as several private landowners to replace undersized culverts with fish-friendly structures at three stream crossings.  Bridges were constructed on two driveways over Silver Creek and its major tributary, which locals have come to call East Fork Silver Creek.  And a large culvert was installed where the main road into the community crosses a smaller tributary that was dubbed Bridle Creek.  That fall, all of the neighbors gathered for a ribbon cutting and tour of the bridges, and waited eagerly for salmon to return.  And soon they did. The projects were an immediate success, with salmon observed upstream of the road on Bridle Creek for the first time.

This work paid off not only in 3.5 miles of newly accessible spawning and rearing habitat for fish, but also in bringing together the neighborhood and providing a great example of how important private fish passage projects are.  Residents continue to watch the streams and call in when the first adult salmon are spotted in the fall.  Volunteer surveyors regularly walk these streams each fall as part of SFEG’s volunteer spawner survey program. In 2020, dozens of coho salmon were observed in these small streams.  The projects also provide an opportunity for kids to see wild salmon during SFEGs Junior Stream Stewards watershed tour each fall.  And property owners who participated in the FFFPP program act as ambassadors, sharing their positive experience working with SFEG and the FFFPP program with others.  To date SFEG and FFFPP have assisted 14 private landowners improve fish passage in the Skagit and Samish watersheds, with two more on tap for 2022.

Silver Creek post construction, with the new bridge

Improving fish passage to facilitate better access to existing habitat is the most cost-effective means of restoring salmon habitat.  There are currently thousands of undersized stream crossings that represent barriers to salmon migration in Washington State.  State and local governments have been making a concerted effort to address the issue over the past decade.  Private timberland owners were required to assess and improve fish passage barriers on their lands by 2015, and were generally successful in that effort.  Yet replacing problem crossings with structures that meet current WDFW fish passage standards is expensive, and can exceed the means of private landowners. That is where SFEG and programs like the Family Forest Fish Passage Program, Brian Abbott Fish Barrier Removal Board or National Fish Passage Program can help.  If you have an undersized culvert on your property, we may be able to help.  Contact Kristin Murray at kmurray@skagitfisheries.org or 360-336-0172 ext 302 for more information.   We will visit your site, provide information on possible solutions, and hopefully match you up with a funding program that may be available to help.  Give us a call today!

 

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